Indications

Dermatologic
• chronic skin conditions
- acne
- psoriasis
- eczema

Gastrointestinal
• digestive complaints
- dyspepsia
- hypochlorhydria

Hepatobiliary
• biliary insufficiency
- cholestasis
- cholelithiasis (gallstones)
- jaundice

Musculoskeletal
• chronic rheumatic conditions
- arthritis
- gout

Actions

• alterative
• bitter
• stomachic
• cholagogue
• choleretic
• antimicrobial
• diuretic
• laxative (mild)

Constituents

• Sesquiterpene lactones (e.g. atricol)
• Flavonoids
• Lignins (e.g. arctigenin)
• Inulin (roots)
• Phenoilc acids
• Polyacetylenes
• Tannins

Posology

• Tincture (1:5 in 40% EtOH): 2-4 ml tid
• Liquid extract (1:1 in 25% EtOH): 2-6 ml tid
• Decoction (dried herb): 1 tsp g tid

Safety

Generally considered safe when used as indicated.

References

"Show references"

"Hide references"

Barnes J, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD. Herbal Medicines, 3rd ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 2007.

Bone K. Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2000.

Bone K. A Clinical Guide to Blending Liquid Herbs: Herbal Formulations for the Individual Patient. St Louis, MO: Churchill Livingstone, 2003.

Brinker F. The Toxicology of Botanical Medicines, 3rd ed. Sandy, Oregon: Eclectic Medical Publications, 2000.

Felter HW, Lloyd JU. King's American Dispensatory. 1898. http://www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclectic/kings/main.html. Accessed: August 19, 2006.

Hoffman D. Medical Herbalism. Rochester, Vermont: Healing Arts Press, 2003.

Weiss RF. Herbal Medicine. Beaconsfield, England: Beaconsfield Publishers Ltd, 1988.

Williamson EM, ed. Major Herbs of Ayurveda. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2002